The Lunatic Left Is Getting Desperate
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Huffington Post recently (March 18) sunk to a new low by publishing an attack on [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Ron Paul and the Tea Parties: States[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] Rights and the 17th Amendment[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] by one Leonard Zeskind, a [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]former[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] Stalinist rabble-rouser. According to [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Laird Wilcox, author of The Watchdogs, a book about contemporary political movements, Zeskind began his communistic career of agitprop in the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]70s as a [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]front man[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] for the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Sojourner Truth Organization[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] whose stated objective was [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]to motivate the working classes to make a revolution.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] The Organization quoted its role model, Josef Stalin, who insisted on the need for [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]iron discipline[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] in agitating for a communist revolution in America.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]According to Wilcox, Zeskind has written favorably about [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]the value of a grass roots school of communism[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] that would teach people how to [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]destroy the marketplace.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] He wrote this in a journal called [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Urgent Tasks,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] a phrase popularized by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. The Kansas City City Magazine once called Zeskind [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]elusive, paranoid, near hysterical.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] His forte, according to the Wilcox Collection, appears to be [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]ritual defamation[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] of his perceived political opponents, i.e., [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]to call people names in the hope of defaming, discrediting, stigmatizing or neutralizing them.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]An example of the Zeskind/Huffington [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]ritual defamation[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] strategy is his statements in The Huffington Post that: 1) Someone writing for an obscure publication called [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The American Free Press[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] noted recently that [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]the Tea Parties were actually born during the presidential campaign of Rep. Ron Paul of Texas[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]; 2) Several decades ago, someone who wrote in [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The American Free Press[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] was revealed to be a Holocaust Denier; 3) Therefore, the Tea Parties (and Ron Paul[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s supporters) must be hotbeds of Holocaust Denial.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Zeskind works himself into a hysterical frenzy over the fact that the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Tea Party Movement[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] has been talking about repealing the Seventeenth Amendment, which he says would be the equivalent of denying women the right to vote, or abolishing the constitutional principle of equal justice under the law. I[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]m not making this up. He really is that hysterical. And he calls Ron Paul an [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]extremist[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?! [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Apparently, Ariana Huffington believes Zeskind is a qualified expert on constitutionalism. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Why are the Huffingtonians upset about mere talk of repealing the Seventeenth Amendment? Because the Amendment, which mandated the popular election of U.S. Senators (as opposed to the original system of appointment by state legislators) allows a small cabal of wealthy and influential people to dominate governmental decision-making. Getting elected to the U.S. Senate requires the raising of millions of dollars for television advertising and other elements of modern campaigning, so that senators have long been in the pockets of their major donors from all over the country, and the world, as opposed to the folks back home. Zeskind says this system is [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]democratic,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] but in reality it is the opposite. Reverting back to the original system that was created by the founders would allow the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]riff-raff[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] known as the citizens of the sovereign states to exert more influence over their own government. Historically, this system was an important brake on the growth of the central government. This is why the Lunatic Left is increasingly hysterical over the talk about repealing the Seventeenth Amendment as well as nullification, and especially secession. [/FONT]
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[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Rationale for State Legislators To Appoint U.S. Senators [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Professor Ralph Rossum of Claremont McKenna College explains the rationale for the original system of appointing U.S. Senators in his book, Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment. The founding fathers intended that state legislatures would appoint senators and then instruct them on how to vote in Congress. This was to safeguard against the corruption of senators by special interests. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The ability of state legislatures to instruct senators was mentioned frequently during the Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions and was always assumed to exist,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] writes Rossum.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]At the New York ratifying convention John Jay, co-author of The Federalist Papers, said [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Senate is to be composed of men appointed by the state legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]. I presume they will also instruct them, that there will be a constant correspondence between the senators and the state executives.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] At the Massachusetts ratifying convention Fisher Ames referred to U.S. senators as [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]ambassadors of the states.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] James Madison wrote in Federalist #45 that because of this system the U.S. Senate [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]would be disinclined to invade the rights of the individual States, or the prerogatives of their governments.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] This was an important element of the whole system of states[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] rights or federalism that was created by the founders (not by John C. Calhoun, as Zeskind and myriad neocons falsely claim). As Madison wrote in Federalist #62, the system gave [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]to state governments such an agency in the formation of the federal government as must secure the authority of the former.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] It helped establish the fact that the citizens of the states were sovereign and the masters, not the servants, of their own government. [/FONT]
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[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The legislative appointment of U.S. senators was responsible for the most famous declarations of the states[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] rights philosophy of the founders, the nullification philosophy as expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves of 1798, authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respectively (not by Calhoun, as Zeskind and others falsely claim). These Resolves were used as part of the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] instructions to their senators to vote to repeal the odious Sedition Act, which effectively prohibited free political speech. The origins of nullification do not lie in attempts to protect slavery or Jim Crow laws, as Zeskind once again falsely claims. Jim Crow laws existed throughout the Northern states for many decades before they were imposed on the South by the Republican Party[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s military occupation authorities during Reconstruction.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
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[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]John Quincy Adams resigned from the Senate in 1809 because he disagreed with the Massachusetts state legislature[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s instructions to him to oppose President James Madison[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s trade embargo. Senator David Stone of North Carolina resigned in 1814 after his state legislature disapproved of his collaboration with the New England Federalists on several legislative issues. Senator Peleg Sprague of Maine resigned in 1835 after opposing his state legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] instructions to oppose the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. When the U.S. Senate censured President Andrew Jackson for having vetoed the rechartering of the Bank, seven U.S. Senators resigned rather than carry out their state legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] instructions to vote to have Jackson[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s censure expunged. One of them was Senator John Tyler of Virginia, who would become President of the United States in 1841.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
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[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]In other words, the original system of state legislative appointment of U.S. Senators did exactly what it was designed to do: limit the tyrannical proclivities of the central government. As Professor Todd Zywicki of George Mason University Law School has written, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]the Senate played an active role in preserving the sovereignty and independent sphere of action of state governments[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] in the pre-Seventeenth Amendment era prior to 1913. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Rather than delegating lawmaking authority to Washington, state legislators insisted on keeping authority close to home[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]. As a result, the long-term size of the federal government remained fairly stable and relatively small during the pre-Seventeenth-Amendment era? (emphasis added). (See Todd J. Zywicki, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Beyond the Shell and Husk of History: The History of the Seventeenth Amendment and its Implications for Current Reform Proposals,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] Cleveland State Law Review, vol. 45, 1997).[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]You know the Lunatic Left is whistling past the graveyard when they resort to the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]might-makes-right[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] argument against nullification and repeal of the Seventeenth Amendment. Echoing the views expressed by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia several weeks ago, Zeskind concludes his paranoid tirade by saying that the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]vision of state sovereignty and secession were settled by the Civil War[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif].[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] But nothing is ever [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]settled[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] permanently in politics, no matter how many citizens the U.S. government might murder (some 350,000 in the case of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Civil War[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]) in order to prove itself [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]right.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Huffington Post recently (March 18) sunk to a new low by publishing an attack on [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Ron Paul and the Tea Parties: States[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] Rights and the 17th Amendment[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] by one Leonard Zeskind, a [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]former[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] Stalinist rabble-rouser. According to [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Laird Wilcox, author of The Watchdogs, a book about contemporary political movements, Zeskind began his communistic career of agitprop in the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]70s as a [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]front man[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] for the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Sojourner Truth Organization[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] whose stated objective was [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]to motivate the working classes to make a revolution.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] The Organization quoted its role model, Josef Stalin, who insisted on the need for [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]iron discipline[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] in agitating for a communist revolution in America.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]According to Wilcox, Zeskind has written favorably about [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]the value of a grass roots school of communism[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] that would teach people how to [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]destroy the marketplace.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] He wrote this in a journal called [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Urgent Tasks,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] a phrase popularized by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. The Kansas City City Magazine once called Zeskind [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]elusive, paranoid, near hysterical.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] His forte, according to the Wilcox Collection, appears to be [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]ritual defamation[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] of his perceived political opponents, i.e., [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]to call people names in the hope of defaming, discrediting, stigmatizing or neutralizing them.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]An example of the Zeskind/Huffington [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]ritual defamation[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] strategy is his statements in The Huffington Post that: 1) Someone writing for an obscure publication called [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The American Free Press[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] noted recently that [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]the Tea Parties were actually born during the presidential campaign of Rep. Ron Paul of Texas[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]; 2) Several decades ago, someone who wrote in [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The American Free Press[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] was revealed to be a Holocaust Denier; 3) Therefore, the Tea Parties (and Ron Paul[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s supporters) must be hotbeds of Holocaust Denial.[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Zeskind works himself into a hysterical frenzy over the fact that the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Tea Party Movement[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] has been talking about repealing the Seventeenth Amendment, which he says would be the equivalent of denying women the right to vote, or abolishing the constitutional principle of equal justice under the law. I[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]m not making this up. He really is that hysterical. And he calls Ron Paul an [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]extremist[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?! [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Apparently, Ariana Huffington believes Zeskind is a qualified expert on constitutionalism. [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Why are the Huffingtonians upset about mere talk of repealing the Seventeenth Amendment? Because the Amendment, which mandated the popular election of U.S. Senators (as opposed to the original system of appointment by state legislators) allows a small cabal of wealthy and influential people to dominate governmental decision-making. Getting elected to the U.S. Senate requires the raising of millions of dollars for television advertising and other elements of modern campaigning, so that senators have long been in the pockets of their major donors from all over the country, and the world, as opposed to the folks back home. Zeskind says this system is [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]democratic,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] but in reality it is the opposite. Reverting back to the original system that was created by the founders would allow the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]riff-raff[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] known as the citizens of the sovereign states to exert more influence over their own government. Historically, this system was an important brake on the growth of the central government. This is why the Lunatic Left is increasingly hysterical over the talk about repealing the Seventeenth Amendment as well as nullification, and especially secession. [/FONT]
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</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Rationale for State Legislators To Appoint U.S. Senators [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Professor Ralph Rossum of Claremont McKenna College explains the rationale for the original system of appointing U.S. Senators in his book, Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment. The founding fathers intended that state legislatures would appoint senators and then instruct them on how to vote in Congress. This was to safeguard against the corruption of senators by special interests. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The ability of state legislatures to instruct senators was mentioned frequently during the Constitutional Convention and the state ratifying conventions and was always assumed to exist,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] writes Rossum.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]At the New York ratifying convention John Jay, co-author of The Federalist Papers, said [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Senate is to be composed of men appointed by the state legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]. I presume they will also instruct them, that there will be a constant correspondence between the senators and the state executives.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] At the Massachusetts ratifying convention Fisher Ames referred to U.S. senators as [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]ambassadors of the states.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] James Madison wrote in Federalist #45 that because of this system the U.S. Senate [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]would be disinclined to invade the rights of the individual States, or the prerogatives of their governments.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] This was an important element of the whole system of states[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] rights or federalism that was created by the founders (not by John C. Calhoun, as Zeskind and myriad neocons falsely claim). As Madison wrote in Federalist #62, the system gave [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]to state governments such an agency in the formation of the federal government as must secure the authority of the former.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] It helped establish the fact that the citizens of the states were sovereign and the masters, not the servants, of their own government. [/FONT]
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[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The legislative appointment of U.S. senators was responsible for the most famous declarations of the states[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] rights philosophy of the founders, the nullification philosophy as expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolves of 1798, authored by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respectively (not by Calhoun, as Zeskind and others falsely claim). These Resolves were used as part of the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] instructions to their senators to vote to repeal the odious Sedition Act, which effectively prohibited free political speech. The origins of nullification do not lie in attempts to protect slavery or Jim Crow laws, as Zeskind once again falsely claims. Jim Crow laws existed throughout the Northern states for many decades before they were imposed on the South by the Republican Party[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s military occupation authorities during Reconstruction.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
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</TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]John Quincy Adams resigned from the Senate in 1809 because he disagreed with the Massachusetts state legislature[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s instructions to him to oppose President James Madison[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s trade embargo. Senator David Stone of North Carolina resigned in 1814 after his state legislature disapproved of his collaboration with the New England Federalists on several legislative issues. Senator Peleg Sprague of Maine resigned in 1835 after opposing his state legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] instructions to oppose the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States. When the U.S. Senate censured President Andrew Jackson for having vetoed the rechartering of the Bank, seven U.S. Senators resigned rather than carry out their state legislatures[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] instructions to vote to have Jackson[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]s censure expunged. One of them was Senator John Tyler of Virginia, who would become President of the United States in 1841.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] [/FONT]
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[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]In other words, the original system of state legislative appointment of U.S. Senators did exactly what it was designed to do: limit the tyrannical proclivities of the central government. As Professor Todd Zywicki of George Mason University Law School has written, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]the Senate played an active role in preserving the sovereignty and independent sphere of action of state governments[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] in the pre-Seventeenth Amendment era prior to 1913. [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Rather than delegating lawmaking authority to Washington, state legislators insisted on keeping authority close to home[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]. As a result, the long-term size of the federal government remained fairly stable and relatively small during the pre-Seventeenth-Amendment era? (emphasis added). (See Todd J. Zywicki, [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Beyond the Shell and Husk of History: The History of the Seventeenth Amendment and its Implications for Current Reform Proposals,[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] Cleveland State Law Review, vol. 45, 1997).[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]You know the Lunatic Left is whistling past the graveyard when they resort to the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]might-makes-right[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] argument against nullification and repeal of the Seventeenth Amendment. Echoing the views expressed by Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia several weeks ago, Zeskind concludes his paranoid tirade by saying that the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]vision of state sovereignty and secession were settled by the Civil War[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif].[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] But nothing is ever [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]settled[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif] permanently in politics, no matter how many citizens the U.S. government might murder (some 350,000 in the case of the [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Civil War[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]) in order to prove itself [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]right.[/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]?[/FONT]
[FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]March 22, 2010[/FONT]
[FONT=Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Thomas J. DiLorenzo [send him mail] is professor of economics at Loyola College in Maryland and the author of [/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]The Real Lincoln; [/FONT][/FONT][FONT=Times New Roman, Times, serif]Lincoln Unmasked: What You?re Not Supposed To Know about Dishonest Abe and How Capitalism Saved America. His latest book is Hamilton?s Curse: How Jefferson?s Archenemy Betrayed the American Revolution ? And What It Means for America Today.[/FONT]
